نشریه علمی فرآیند نو

نشریه علمی فرآیند نو

روش‌های تصفیه لجن نفتی و تشریح فرآیندهای وابسته

نوع مقاله : مروری

نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی کارشناسی مهندسی شیمی، دانشکده مهندسی شیمی نفت و گاز، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز
2 فارغ‌التحصیل دکتری تخصصی مهندسی شیمی، دانشکده مهندسی شیمی نفت و گاز، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز
3 استاد مهندسی شیمی، دانشکده مهندسی شیمی نفت و گاز، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز
چکیده
یکی از پسماندهای مرسوم در فرآیندهای وابسته به نفت، لجن نفتی است که به­صورت امولسیونی پیچیده شامل آب، هیدروکربن­های نفتی گوناگون، فلزات سنگین و ذرات جامد می­باشد. به­دلیل ماهیت، مخاطرات و تولید بالای لجن نفتی در سراسر جهان، شناخت روش­های تصفیه آن اهمیت بسیار زیادی دارد. دور ریزی لجن از یک­سو حساسیت­های محیط­زیستی بسیاری را به­همراه دارد، و از سوی دیگر، منجر به اتلاف مقدار قابل­توجهی مواد ارزشمند و انرژی می­گردد درحالی­که با کار گیری روش­های مناسب می­توان به بازیابی آن­ها دست یافت و آسیب وارده به محیط­زیست را به حداقل رساند. به­همین منطور در این مقاله، روش­های مختلف تصفیه لجن نفتی همراه با شماتیک ساده­ای از این فرآیندها معرفی شده است. هم­چنین، مزایا و جنبه­های منفی این روش­ها شامل بازدهی، هزینه، ظرفیت و پیچیدگی فرآیند مقایسه شده­اند. روش­های استخراج با حلال، پیرولیز، شناور سازی با هوا و مواد فعال سطحی کارآمدی مطلوبی در تفکیک لجن و بازیابی مواد از خود نشان داده­اند اما انتخاب قطعی روش باید بر اساس خصوصیات لجن نفتی و محدودیت هر روش تعیین شود. هزینه­های عملیاتی و ماده و انرژی مصرفی در این زمینه بسیار تعیین کننده است. این مقاله می­تواند راهنمای اولیه­ای برای مهندسان فرآیند و محیط­زیست در انتخاب مناسب­ترین روش باشد.
کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله English

Treatment methods of oily sludge and the pertinent processes

نویسندگان English

Farjam Momeni 1
Ahmad Abbasi 2
M. Reza Malayeri 3
1 Undergraduate student, School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Shiraz University
2 PhD graduate, School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Shiraz University
3 Professor, School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Shiraz University
چکیده English

Oily sludge is a major and common waste in the oil industry which is characterized as a tight and complex emulsion composed of water, various hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and solid particles. Better insight into the oily sludge treatment methods is therefore imperative due to the nature, hazards, and tremendous amounts of oily sludge production around the world. While disposal approaches such as landfilling would pose profound environmental challenges; the problem of wasting valuable materials and inherent energy in oily sludge is highly questionable. Instead, these can be recovered in addition to the minimization of environmental footprints by choosing appropriate methods. In this study, different oily sludge treatment methods have been discussed and evaluated. Moreover, their merits and demerits were compared according to process efficiency, cost, capacity, and complexity. Among them, solvent extraction, pyrolysis, air flotation, and using surfactant methods showed preferable advantages in sludge separation and material recovery. Nonetheless, the final decision should be based on the sludge properties and process limitations. To do so, the operating costs, required consumables energy requirements should be carefully considered. This paper can serve as a guideline for the process and environment engineers to choose the most suitable method.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Oily Sludge
Sludge Treatment
Waste Management
Separation
Energy Recovery
[1]       Deng, S., Wang, X., Tan, H., Mikulčić, H., Yang, F., Li, Z., and Duić, N. “Thermogravimetric study on the Co-combustion characteristics of oily sludge with plant biomass” Thermochim. Acta, vol. 633, pp. 69–76, Jun. 2016.
[2]       Liang, J., Zhao, L., and Hou, W., “Solid effect in chemical cleaning treatment of oily sludge” Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem. Eng. Asp., vol. 522, pp. 38–42, Jun. 2017.
[3]       Gao, Y. X., Ding, R., Chen, X., Gong, Z. B., Zhang, Y., and Yang, M. “Ultrasonic washing for oily sludge treatment in pilot scale” Ultrasonics, vol. 90, pp. 1–4, Nov. 2018.
[4]       Castañeda, L. C.. Muñoz, J. A. D., and Ancheyta, J., “Current situation of emerging technologies for upgrading of heavy oils” Catal. Today, vol. 220–222, pp. 248–273, Mar. 2014.
[5]       Hamadani M. A., and Al Ghazi, A. A., “Isolation and identification of hydrocarbon degrading bacteria from oil sludge in oil producing area of Basrah, Iraq” Int. J. Eng. Tech. Res., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 22–27, 2015.
[6] Johnson, O. A., Madzlan, N., and Kamaruddin, I., “Encapsulation of petroleum sludge in building blocks” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 78, pp. 281–288, 2015.
[7]       Qu, Y.¸ Li, A., Wang, D., Zhang, L., and Ji, G. “Kinetic study of the effect of in-situ mineral solids on pyrolysis process of oil sludge” Chem. Eng. J., vol. 374, pp. 338–346, Oct. 2019.
[8] Yang, H., Shen, K., Fu, P., and Zhang, G., “Preparation of a novel carbonaceous material for Cr(VI) removal in aqueous solution using oily sludge of tank bottom as a raw material” J. Environ. Chem. Eng., vol. 7, no. 1, p. 102898, Feb. 2019.
[9]       Gazineu, M. H. P., de Araujo, A. A., Brandao, Y. B., Hazin, C. A., and Godoy, J. M. D. O. “Radioactivity concentration in liquid and solid phases of scale and sludge generated in the petroleum industry” J. Environ. Radioact., vol. 81, no. 1, pp. 47–54, Jan. 2005.
[10] Hu, J., Gan, J., Li, J., Luo, Y., Wang, G., Wu, L., and Gong, Y. “Extraction of crude oil from petrochemical sludge: characterization of products using thermogravimetric analysis” Fuel, vol. 188, pp. 166–172, 2017.
[11] Abouelnasr, D. M., and Zubaidy, E., “Treatment and Recovery of Oil-Based Sludge Using Solvent Extraction” in All Days, SPE, Nov. 2008.
[12] Zhao, M., Liu, D., Li, Z., Du, H., Wang, J., Chen, K., Kong, X., and Li, J., “Inspection for desorption behavior and desorption mechanism of oily sludge by thermodynamics and kinetics analysis” J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng., vol. 93, pp. 226–233, Dec. 2018.
[13] Nezhdbahadori, F., Abdoli, M. A., Baghdadi, M., and Ghazban, F., “A comparative study on the efficiency of polar and non-polar solvents in oil sludge recovery using solvent extraction” Environ. Monit. Assess., vol. 190, no. 7, p. 389, Jul. 2018.
[14] Hui, K., Tang, J., Lu, H., Xi, B., Qu, C., and Li, J., “Status and prospect of oil recovery from oily sludge:A review” Arab. J. Chem., vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 6523–6543, Aug. 2020.
[15] Pacwa-Płociniczak, M., Płaza, G.A., Piotrowska-Seget, Z., and Cameotra, S.S., “Environmental Applications of Biosurfactants: Recent Advances” Int. J. Mol. Sci., vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 633–654, Jan. 2011.
[16] Hu, G., Li, J., and Zeng, G., “Recent development in the treatment of oily sludge from petroleum industry: A review” J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 261, pp. 470–490, Oct. 2013.
[17] Ramirez, D., and Collins, C. D. “Maximisation of oil recovery from an oil-water separator sludge: Influence of type, concentration, and application ratio of surfactants” Waste Manag., vol. 82, pp. 100–110, Dec. 2018.
[18] Drelich, A. Gomez, F., Clausse, D., and Pezron, I., “Evolution of water-in-oil emulsions stabilized with solid particles” Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem. Eng. Asp., vol. 365, no. 1–3, pp. 171–177, Aug. 2010.
[19] PinheiroM B. C. A., and Holanda, J. N. F., “Reuse of solid petroleum waste in the manufacture of porcelain stoneware tile” J. Environ. Manage., vol. 118, pp. 205–210, Mar. 2013.
[20] Huang, Q., Han, X., Mao, F., Chi, Y., and Yan, J., “A model for predicting solid particle behavior in petroleum sludge during centrifugation” Fuel, vol. 117, pp. 95–102, 2014.
[21] Li, X., Xu, H., Liu, J., Zhang, J., Li, J., and Gui, Z. “Cyclonic state micro-bubble flotation column in oil-in-water emulsion separation” Sep. Purif. Technol., vol. 165, pp. 101–106, Jun. 2016.
[22] Radzuan, M.A., Belope, M.A.B., and Thorpe, R.B., “Removal of fine oil droplets from oil-in-water mixtures by dissolved air flotation” Chem. Eng. Res. Des., vol. 115, pp. 19–33, Nov. 2016.
[23] Ramaswamy, B., Kar, D. D., and De, S., “A study on recovery of oil from sludge containing oil using froth flotation” J. Environ. Manage., vol. 85, no. 1, pp. 150–154, Oct. 2007.
[24] Islam, B., “Petroleum sludge, its treatment and disposal: A review” Int. J. Chem. Sci., vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 1584–1602, 2015.
[25] Shen, L., and Zhang, D. K., “An experimental study of oil recovery from sewage sludge by low-temperature pyrolysis in a fluidised-bed” Fuel, vol. 82, no. 4, pp. 465–472, Mar. 2003.
[26] Egazar’yants, S. V., Vinokurov, V. A., Vutolkina, A. V., Talanova, M. Y., Frolov, V. I., and Karakhanov, E. A., “Oil Sludge Treatment Processes” Chem. Technol. Fuels Oils, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 506–515, Nov. 2015.
[27] Cheng, S., Chang, F., Zhang, F., Huang, T., Yoshikawa, K., and Zhang, H., “Progress in thermal analysis studies on the pyrolysis process of oil sludge” Thermochim. Acta, vol. 663, pp. 125–136, May 2018.
[28] Miao, W., Li, X., Wang, Y., and Lv, Y., “Pyrolysis characteristics of oil-field sludge and the comparison of kinetic analysis with two representative methods” J. Pet. Sci. Eng., vol. 182, p. 106309, Nov. 2019.
[29] Ryashchina, A. D., “Modern methods of utilization and disposal of oil-containing waste for the elimination of the environmental pollution” IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci., vol. 864, no. 1, p. 012050, Sep. 2021.
[30] Yang, L., Nakhla, G., and Bassi, V., “Electro-kinetic dewatering of oily sludges” J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 125, no. 1–3, pp. 130–140, Oct. 2005.
[31] Kariminezhad, E., and Elektorowicz, M. “Effect of various electrokinetic treatment regimes on solids surface properties and thermal behavior of oil sediments” J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 353, pp. 227–235, Jul. 2018.
[32] Taslimi Taleghani, S., Fellah Jahromi, A., and Elektorowicz, M., “Electro-demulsification of water-in-oil suspensions enhanced with implementing various additives” Chemosphere, vol. 233, pp. 157–163, Oct. 2019.
[33] Ghosh, S., and Rousseau, D. “Freeze–thaw stability of water-in-oil emulsions” J. Colloid Interface Sci., vol. 339, no. 1, pp. 91–102, Nov. 2009.
[34] Lin, C., He, G., Dong, C., Liu, H., Xiao, G., and Liu, Y., “Effect of Oil Phase Transition on Freeze/Thaw-Induced Demulsification of Water-in-Oil Emulsions” Langmuir, vol. 24, no. 10, pp. 5291–5298, May 2008.
[35] Hu, G., Li, J., and Hou, H., “A combination of solvent extraction and freeze thaw for oil recovery from petroleum refinery wastewater treatment pond sludge” J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 283, pp. 832–840, Feb. 2015.
[36] Ávila‐Chávez, M. A., Eustaquio‐Rincón, R., Reza, J., and Trejo, A., “Extraction of Hydrocarbons from Crude Oil Tank Bottom Sludges using Supercritical Ethane” Sep. Sci. Technol., vol. 42, no. 10, pp. 2327–2345, Jul. 2007.
[37] Sun, L. Han, P., Yang, L., and Lu, X., “The Dehydration and Demulsification of Waste Oil by Ultrasound” Energy Sources, Part A Recover. Util. Environ. Eff., vol. 36, no. 17, pp. 1843–1849, Sep. 2014.
[38] Oliveira, E. L. G., Silvestre, A. J. D. and Silva, C. M., “Review of kinetic models for supercritical fluid extraction” Chem. Eng. Res. Des., vol. 89, no. 7, pp. 1104–1117, Jul. 2011.
[39] Savage, P. E., “Organic chemical reactions in supercritical water,” Chem. Rev., vol. 99, no. 2, 1999.
[40] Vidali, M. “Bioremediation. An overview” Pure Appl. Chem., vol. 73, no. 7, pp. 1163–1172, Jul. 2001.
[41] Kuppusamy, S. Maddela, N. R. Megharaj, M. and Venkateswarlu, K., “Ecological Impacts of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons” in Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 95–138و 2020.
[42] Kumar, V. Shahi, S. K., and Singh, S. “Bioremediation: An Eco-sustainable Approach for Restoration of Contaminated Sites” in Microbial Bioprospecting for Sustainable Development, J. Singh, D. Sharma, G. Kumar, and N. R. Sharma, Eds., Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018, pp. 115–136.
[43]­ Soleimani, M., “Comparison of Biological and Thermal Remediation Methods in Decontamination of Oil Polluted Soils” J. Bioremediation Biodegrad., vol. 05, no. 03, 2014.
[44] Council., N. R., In situ bioremediation: When does it work? National Academies Press, 1993.
[45] Fang, C. S., Chang, B. K. L., Lai, P. M. C., and Klaila, W. J. “MICROWAVE DEMULSIFICATION” Chem. Eng. Commun., vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 227–239, Nov. 1988.
[46] Kuo, C. H., and Lee, C. L. “Treatment of oil/water emulsions using seawater-assisted microwave irradiation” Sep. Purif. Technol., vol. 74, no. 3, pp. 288–293, Sep. 2010.
[47] Robinson, J. P., Snape, C. E., Kingman, S. W., and Shang, H., “Thermal desorption and pyrolysis of oil contaminated drill cuttings by microwave heating” J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, vol. 81, no. 1, pp. 27–32, Jan. 2008.
[48] Xie, Q., Chen, Z., Zhou, Y., Pan, T., Duan, Y., Yu, S., Liang, X., Wu, Z., Ji, W., and Nie, Y., “Efficient Treatment of Oily Sludge via Fast Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis, Followed by Thermal Plasma Vitrification” Molecules, vol. 28, no. 10, p. 4036, May 2023.
[49] Beeby, J. P., and Nicol, S. K., “Concentration of oil-in-water emulsion using the air-sparged hydrocyclone” Filtr. Sep., vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 141–140, Mar. 1993.
[50] Kumar, B., and Raj Mohan, B., “Petroleum oily sludge and the prospects of microwave for its remediation” Int J Eng Res Technol, vol. 2, no. 11, pp. 359–370, 2013.
[51] Zhao, C., Li, Y., Gan, Z., and Nie, M., “Method of smoldering combustion for refinery oil sludge treatment” J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 409, p. 124995, May 2021.
[52] Liu, J., Jiang, X., and Han, X. “Devolatilization of oil sludge in a lab-scale bubbling fluidized bed” J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 185, no. 2–3, pp. 1205–1213, Jan. 2011.
[53] da Rocha, O. R. S. Dantas, R. F., Duarte, M. M. M. B., Duarte, M. M. L., and da Silva, V. L. “Oil sludge treatment by photocatalysis applying black and white light” Chem. Eng. J., vol. 157, no. 1, pp. 80–85, Feb. 2010.
[54] Mazzarino, I. and Piccinini, P. “Photocatalytic oxidation of organic acids in aqueous media by a supported catalyst” Chem. Eng. Sci., vol. 54, no. 15–16, pp. 3107–3111, Jul. 1999.
[55] Hasan, M., and El-Hamied, A., “Petroleum sludge recovery”.
[56] Xu, N. Wang, W., Han, P., and Lu, X., “Effects of ultrasound on oily sludge deoiling” J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 171, no. 1–3, pp. 914–917, Nov. 2009.
[57] Zhang, J., Li, J., Thring, R., and Liu, L., “Application of Ultrasound and Fenton’s Reaction Process for the Treatment of Oily Sludge” Procedia Environ. Sci., vol. 18, pp. 686–693, 2013.
[58] Ma, Z., Gao, N., Xie, L., and Li, A., “Study of the fast pyrolysis of oilfield sludge with solid heat carrier in a rotary kiln for pyrolytic oil production” J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, vol. 105, pp. 183–190, Jan. 2014.
[59] Shen, Y., Chen, X., Wang, J., Ge, X., and Chen, M., “Oil sludge recycling by ash-catalyzed pyrolysis-reforming processes” Fuel, vol. 182, pp. 871–878, Oct. 2016.
[60] Lin, B., Wang, J., Huang, Q., and Chi, Y., “Effects of potassium hydroxide on the catalytic pyrolysis of oily sludge for high-quality oil product” Fuel, vol. 200, pp. 124–133, Jul. 2017.
[61] Gao, N., Wang, X., Quan, C., and Wu, C., “Study of oily sludge pyrolysis combined with fine particle removal using a ceramic membrane in a fixed-bed reactor” Chem. Eng. Process. - Process Intensif., vol. 128, pp. 276–281, Jun. 2018.
[62] Cheng, S., Wang, Y., Fumitake, T., Kouji, T., Li, A., and Kunio, Y., “Effect of steam and oil sludge ash additive on the products of oil sludge pyrolysis” Appl. Energy, vol. 185, pp. 146–157, Jan. 2017.
[63] Elektorowicz, M., Habibi, S., and Chifrina, R., “Effect of electrical potential on the electro-demulsification of oily sludge” J. Colloid Interface Sci., vol. 295, no. 2, pp. 535–541, Mar. 2006.
[64] Fellah Jahromi, A., and Elektorowicz, M., “Electrokinetically assisted oil-water phase separation in oily sludge with implementing novel controller system” J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 358, pp. 434–440, Sep. 2018.
[65] Abramov, O. V., Abramov, V. O., Myasnikov, S. K., and Mullakaev, M. S., “Extraction of bitumen, crude oil and its products from tar sand and contaminated sandy soil under effect of ultrasound” Ultrason. Sonochem., vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 408–416, Mar. 2009.
[66] Check, G. R., “Two-stage ultrasonic irradiation for dehydration and desalting of crude oil: A novel method” Chem. Eng. Process. Process Intensif., vol. 81, pp. 72–78, Jul. 2014.
[67] Wang,      Z., Gu, S. and Zhou, L. “Research on the static experiment of super heavy crude oil demulsification and dehydration using ultrasonic wave and audible sound wave at high temperatures” Ultrason. Sonochem., vol. 40, pp. 1014–1020, Jan. 2018.
[68] Johnson, O. A., and Affam, A. C., “Petroleum sludge treatment and disposal: A review” Environ. Eng. Res., vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 191–201, 2019.
[69] Zhang, J., Li, J., Thring, R. W., Hu, X., and Song, X., “Oil recovery from refinery oily sludge via ultrasound and freeze/thaw” J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 203–204, pp. 195–203, Feb. 2012.
[70] Chen, G., and He, G., “Separation of water and oil from water-in-oil emulsion by freeze/thaw method” Sep. Purif. Technol., vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 83–89, Apr. 2003.
[71] Jafarinejad,         S., “Solid-Waste management in the petroleum industry” in Petroleum Waste Treatment and Pollution Control, Butterwoth-Heinemann, Ed., Oxford, United Kingdom, pp. 269–345و 2017.
[72] Kriipsalu, M., Marques, M., and Maastik, A., “Characterization of oily sludge from a wastewater treatment plant flocculation-flotation unit in a petroleum refinery and its treatment implications” J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 79–86, Mar. 2008.
[73] da Silva, L. J., Alves, F. C., and de França, F. P., “A review of the technological solutions for the treatment of oily sludges from petroleum refineries” Waste Manag. Res. J. a Sustain. Circ. Econ., vol. 30, no. 10, pp. 1016–1030, Oct. 2012.
[74] Ma, B., Wang, R., Ni, H., and Wang, K., “Experimental study on harmless disposal of waste oil based mud using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction” Fuel, vol. 252, pp. 722–729, Sep. 2019.
[75] Khan, M. K., Cahyadi, H. S., Kim, S. M., and Kim, J. “Efficient oil recovery from highly stable toxic oily sludge using supercritical water” Fuel, vol. 235, pp. 460–472, Jan. 2019.
[76] Radfarnia, H. R., Khulbe, C., and Little, E. C., “Supercritical water treatment of oil sludge, a viable route to valorize waste oil materials” Fuel, vol. 159, pp. 653–658, Nov. 2015.
[77] Azim, A. A. A. A., Abdul-Raheim, A. R. M., Kamel, R. K., and Abdel-Raouf, M. E., “Demulsifier systems applied to breakdown petroleum sludge” J. Pet. Sci. Eng., vol. 78, no. 2, pp. 364–370, Aug. 2011.
[78] Liu, C., Zhang, Y., Sun, S., Huang, L., Yu, L., Liu, X., Lai, R., Luo, Y., Zhang, Z., and Zhang, Z., “Oil recovery from tank bottom sludge using rhamnolipids” J. Pet. Sci. Eng., vol. 170, pp. 14–20, Nov. 2018.
[79] Sahebnazar,         Z., Mowla, D., Karimi, G., and Yazdian, F., “Zero-valent iron nanoparticles assisted purification of rhamnolipid for oil recovery improvement from oily sludge” J. Environ. Chem. Eng., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 917–922, Feb. 2018.
[80] Yan, P., Lu, M., Yang, Q. Zhang, H. L., Zhang, Z. Z., and Chen, R., “Oil recovery from refinery oily sludge using a rhamnolipid biosurfactant-producing Pseudomonas” Bioresour. Technol., vol. 116, pp. 24–28, Jul. 2012.
[81] Guo, S., Li, G., Qu, J., and Liu, X., “Improvement of acidification on dewaterability of oily sludge from flotation” Chem. Eng. J., vol. 168, no. 2, pp. 746–751, Apr. 2011.
[82] da Silva, D. C., dos Santos Lucas, C. R., Borges de Moraes Juviniano, H., Paiva de Alencar Moura, M. C., de Castro Dantas, T. N., and Dantas Neto, A. A. “Analysis of the use of microemulsion systems to treat petroleum sludge from a water flotation unit” J. Environ. Chem. Eng., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 102934, Feb. 2019.
[83] Chen, H. S., Zhang, Q. M., Yang, Z. J., and Liu, Y. S., “Research on Treatment of Oily Sludge from the Tank Bottom by Ball Milling Combined with Ozone-Catalyzed Oxidation” ACS Omega, vol. 5, no. 21, pp. 12259–12269, Jun. 2020.
[84] Gong, Z., Wang, Z., and Wang, Z., “Study on migration characteristics of heavy metals during oil sludge incineration” Pet. Sci. Technol., vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 469–474, Mar. 2018.